Ophthalmology Course

Lesson 1 • Visual Pathway and Neuro-Ophthalmology Basics

Traces the visual pathway from retina to cortex and identifies key relay stations. Enables localisation of lesions based on visual field defects.

Lesson 2 • Anterior Segment Anatomy

Details cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, and lens structure. Provides the anatomical basis for understanding refractive and anterior segment disease.

Lesson 3 • External Ocular Structures and Adnexa

Covers eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal system, and orbit anatomy. Establishes surface landmarks essential for examination and surgical planning.

Lesson 4 • Posterior Segment Anatomy

Examines vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve head. Builds the structural framework for interpreting fundus findings.

Lesson 1 • Visual Acuity Assessment

Teaches distance and near acuity measurement using standardised charts and notation systems. Ensures accurate baseline documentation for all patient encounters.

Lesson 2 • Refraction Techniques

Covers objective and subjective refraction methods to determine the optimal corrective prescription. Builds competency in retinoscopy and phoropter use.

Lesson 3 • Refractive Errors and Their Correction

Classifies myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia by mechanism and degree. Connects each error type to appropriate corrective lens strategies.

Lesson 4 • Optical Instruments in Clinical Practice

Introduces the slit lamp, direct ophthalmoscope, and keratometer as core optical tools. Prepares students for instrument-based examination in subsequent chapters.

Lesson 1 • Pupil and Motility Assessment

Evaluates pupillary reactions and ocular alignment to detect neurological and strabismic conditions. Connects motility findings to anatomical localisation from Chapter 1.

Lesson 2 • External and Anterior Segment Examination

Teaches inspection of lids, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, and lens using the slit lamp. Develops the skill of grading and documenting anterior segment findings.

Lesson 3 • Structured Ophthalmic History

Defines the components of a complete ocular history including chief complaint, ocular and systemic history. Establishes the clinical reasoning framework for all subsequent examination steps.

Lesson 4 • Posterior Segment Examination

Develops skills in direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit lamp biomicroscopy for fundus evaluation. Prepares students to identify and document posterior segment pathology.

Lesson 1 • Corneal Infections and Ulcers

Identifies bacterial, viral, fungal, and acanthamoeba keratitis by clinical features and risk factors. Stresses prompt diagnosis and targeted antimicrobial therapy to prevent vision loss.

Lesson 2 • Corneal Dystrophies and Degenerations

Classifies anterior, stromal, and posterior dystrophies by layer and genetic basis. Distinguishes dystrophies from degenerations to guide long-term management planning.

Lesson 3 • Corneal Trauma and Chemical Injuries

Addresses mechanical trauma, foreign bodies, and chemical burns with urgency-based triage. Establishes emergency management protocols to minimise permanent corneal damage.

Lesson 4 • Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Surface Disorders

Explains the pathophysiology of aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye and their diagnostic criteria. Guides selection of treatment strategies from lubricants to advanced interventions.

Lesson 1 • Medical Management of Glaucoma

Reviews pharmacological classes used to lower IOP, including their mechanisms and side effect profiles. Guides stepwise medication selection and adherence strategies.

Lesson 2 • Surgical Management and Follow-Up

Covers trabeculectomy, tube shunt surgery, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery principles. Establishes long-term monitoring strategies to detect progression and surgical failure.

Lesson 3 • Glaucoma Pathophysiology and Classification

Explains optic nerve damage mechanisms, IOP-dependent and independent factors, and glaucoma subtypes. Provides the conceptual basis for all subsequent diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.

Lesson 4 • Glaucoma Diagnostic Workup

Covers gonioscopy, optic disc imaging, and visual field testing as the diagnostic triad. Integrates findings to stage disease severity and monitor progression.

Lesson 1 • Inherited Retinal Dystrophies and Tumours

Reviews retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, and choroidal melanoma as representative hereditary and neoplastic conditions. Introduces genetic counselling and surveillance principles.

Lesson 2 • Retinal Detachment and Vitreous Disorders

Identifies rhegmatogenous, tractional, and exudative detachments by mechanism and clinical appearance. Establishes urgency criteria and surgical repair options for each type.

Lesson 3 • Diabetic Retinopathy

Classifies non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema by severity. Guides screening intervals, laser therapy, and anti-VEGF treatment decisions.

Lesson 4 • Retinal Vascular Occlusions

Covers central and branch retinal artery and vein occlusions, their risk factors, and acute management. Links systemic cardiovascular workup to ophthalmic findings.

Lesson 1 • Preoperative Evaluation for Cataract Surgery

Covers biometry, IOL power calculation, and patient selection criteria for cataract surgery. Ensures accurate lens selection to achieve target refraction.

Lesson 2 • Intraocular Lens Selection

Compares monofocal, toric, multifocal, and extended depth-of-focus IOLs by optical design and patient suitability. Guides shared decision-making for lens selection.

Lesson 3 • Cataract Classification and Aetiology

Classifies cataracts by morphology, location, and aetiology including age-related, congenital, and secondary types. Correlates opacity type with visual symptoms and surgical urgency.

Lesson 4 • Postoperative Care and Complications

Identifies normal postoperative findings and early complications such as endophthalmitis, PCO, and CME. Establishes monitoring schedules and intervention thresholds.

Lesson 1 • Cranial Nerve Palsies and Diplopia

Identifies third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies by motility pattern and associated features. Guides urgent neuroimaging decisions based on palsy characteristics.

Lesson 2 • Visual Field Defects and Localisation

Applies visual pathway anatomy to localise lesions from monocular to cortical field defects. Reinforces the anatomical knowledge from Chapter 1 in a clinical diagnostic context.

Lesson 3 • Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Crisis

Describes the presentation, precipitating factors, and emergency management of acute angle-closure glaucoma. Emphasises rapid IOP reduction and definitive laser treatment.

Lesson 4 • Ocular Trauma and Chemical Burns

Manages open globe injuries, hyphema, orbital fractures, and chemical burns using a triage-based approach. Integrates emergency protocols with long-term visual rehabilitation planning.