Anatomy and Physiology Course

Lesson 1 • Cell Structure and Function

Examines organelles, membranes, and cellular processes that sustain life. Links cell biology to tissue and organ function covered later.

Lesson 2 • Tissue Types and Organization

Classifies the four primary tissue types and their structural roles. Bridges cell biology to organ-level anatomy introduced in later chapters.

Lesson 3 • Anatomical Terminology and Orientation

Introduces directional terms, body planes, and regional names used in clinical communication. Enables precise description of anatomical locations.

Lesson 1 • Bone Growth and Remodelling

Explains endochondral ossification, epiphyseal plates, and continuous remodelling throughout life. Links hormonal regulation to skeletal maintenance.

Lesson 2 • Skin Physiology and Homeostasis

Analyses thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, and barrier functions of skin. Connects integumentary physiology to systemic homeostasis.

Lesson 3 • Bone Tissue and Classification

Covers compact and spongy bone microstructure, bone cells, and long versus flat bone types. Prepares students for skeletal system mapping.

Lesson 4 • Skin Layers and Appendages

Details epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis along with hair, nails, and glands. Establishes the skin's protective and sensory roles.

Lesson 1 • Muscle Mechanics and Metabolism

Examines twitch, summation, tetanus, and energy pathways fuelling contraction. Explains fatigue and recovery at the physiological level.

Lesson 2 • Muscle Tissue Microstructure

Describes sarcomere organisation, myofilament proteins, and the neuromuscular junction. Establishes the structural basis for contraction.

Lesson 3 • Major Skeletal Muscle Groups

Identifies origin, insertion, and action of key muscles in each body region. Builds the anatomical map needed for clinical and movement analysis.

Lesson 4 • Sliding Filament Mechanism

Traces the cross-bridge cycle from calcium release to filament sliding and relaxation. Connects molecular events to observable muscle shortening.

Lesson 1 • Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

Explains resting potential, depolarisation, repolarisation, and propagation along axons. Links ion channel physiology to signal transmission speed.

Lesson 2 • Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters

Covers chemical synapse structure, neurotransmitter release, and receptor binding. Connects molecular signalling to behavioural and physiological responses.

Lesson 3 • Central Nervous System Organisation

Maps brain regions, spinal cord structure, and meningeal coverings. Provides the anatomical framework for understanding higher functions.

Lesson 4 • Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems

Distinguishes somatic from autonomic pathways and sympathetic from parasympathetic divisions. Prepares students for organ-level regulatory physiology.

Lesson 1 • Blood Pressure and Flow Regulation

Explains neural, hormonal, and local mechanisms controlling vascular resistance and pressure. Integrates cardiovascular regulation with nervous and endocrine systems.

Lesson 2 • Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

Traces major vessels of both circuits and identifies key regional blood supplies. Completes the full circulatory map for clinical application.

Lesson 3 • Heart Anatomy and Chambers

Identifies heart wall layers, chambers, valves, and coronary vessels. Establishes structural knowledge required for cardiac physiology.

Lesson 4 • Cardiac Cycle and Output

Traces systole, diastole, pressure changes, and heart sounds through one cycle. Links mechanical events to measurable cardiac output variables.

Lesson 1 • Respiratory Tract Anatomy

Maps upper and lower respiratory structures from nasal cavity to alveoli. Provides the anatomical basis for ventilation and gas exchange study.

Lesson 2 • Gas Exchange and Transport

Covers partial pressure gradients, haemoglobin binding, and carbon dioxide transport forms. Connects alveolar physiology to systemic oxygen delivery.

Lesson 3 • Ventilation Mechanics and Control

Explains pressure gradients, respiratory muscles, and brainstem control of breathing rate. Links pulmonary mechanics to neural regulation.

Lesson 4 • Digestion, Absorption, and Motility

Traces mechanical and chemical digestion of macronutrients and absorption across intestinal mucosa. Integrates liver, pancreas, and gallbladder contributions.

Lesson 1 • Kidney Anatomy and Nephron Function

Maps kidney macrostructure and traces filtration, reabsorption, and secretion along the nephron. Prepares students for fluid and electrolyte balance topics.

Lesson 2 • Feedback Loops and Hormonal Regulation

Analyses negative and positive feedback with blood glucose and calcium as models. Connects endocrine physiology to whole-body homeostasis.

Lesson 3 • Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Explains hormonal control of water and ion reabsorption and renal buffering of pH. Integrates urinary and endocrine systems in homeostatic regulation.

Lesson 4 • Endocrine Glands and Hormones

Identifies major endocrine glands, hormone classes, and receptor mechanisms. Establishes hormonal regulation as a complement to neural control.

Lesson 1 • Fetal Development and Parturition

Outlines embryonic organ formation, fetal growth milestones, and labour physiology. Completes the developmental arc from fertilisation to birth.

Lesson 2 • Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

Maps ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina and explains oogenesis. Provides structural context for menstrual cycle and pregnancy physiology.

Lesson 3 • Menstrual Cycle and Hormonal Control

Traces follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases with corresponding hormone fluctuations. Integrates pituitary and ovarian hormones in cyclic regulation.

Lesson 4 • Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

Identifies testes, duct system, accessory glands, and spermatogenesis regulation. Establishes male reproductive structure before comparative female anatomy.