Atoms and Molecules Course

Lesson 1 • Subatomic Particles and Nuclear Structure

Identifies protons, neutrons, and electrons and their roles in atomic structure. Establishes atomic number, mass number, and nuclear charge concepts.

Lesson 2 • The Bohr Model and Quantization

Introduces Bohr's planetary model and the concept of quantized energy levels. Connects spectral line evidence to discrete electron orbits.

Lesson 3 • Early Models of the Atom

Traces atomic theory from Democritus through Dalton, Thomson, and Rutherford. Provides the historical scaffold for understanding why models evolved.

Lesson 1 • Electron Configuration Rules

Applies the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule to write configurations. Builds the skill needed for periodic trend analysis.

Lesson 2 • Orbital Shapes and Energy Levels

Describes s, p, d, and f orbital geometries and their relative energies. Prepares students to assign electrons to correct orbitals.

Lesson 3 • Electron Configurations of Ions

Extends configuration writing to cations and anions. Demonstrates how charge affects electron count and orbital occupancy.

Lesson 4 • Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals

Defines the four quantum numbers and their physical meaning. Maps quantum numbers to specific orbital shapes and spatial orientations.

Lesson 1 • Atomic Radius Trends

Explains how effective nuclear charge and shielding determine atomic size. Students predict relative sizes across periods and down groups.

Lesson 2 • Organization of the Periodic Table

Reviews the layout of periods, groups, and blocks based on electron configuration. Establishes the framework for interpreting periodic trends.

Lesson 3 • Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity

Defines first and successive ionisation energies and electron affinity values. Connects these properties to electron configuration stability.

Lesson 1 • Lewis Dot Structures

Teaches the systematic method for drawing Lewis structures of molecules and ions. Provides the visual tool needed for geometry and polarity analysis.

Lesson 2 • Covalent Bond Characteristics

Defines bond order, bond length, and bond energy and their interrelationships. Enables quantitative estimation of reaction energetics from bond data.

Lesson 3 • Metallic Bonding and Properties

Introduces the electron-sea model of metallic bonding. Explains conductivity, malleability, and luster as consequences of delocalised electrons.

Lesson 1 • VSEPR Theory Fundamentals

Applies electron-pair repulsion rules to predict molecular geometry from Lewis structures. Establishes the link between electron domains and bond angles.

Lesson 2 • Sigma and Pi Bonding

Distinguishes sigma bonds from pi bonds by orbital overlap type. Explains restricted rotation in double bonds and its structural consequences.

Lesson 3 • Molecular Polarity and Dipole Moments

Combines bond polarity vectors with molecular geometry to determine net dipole moments. Predicts solubility and intermolecular interaction tendencies.

Lesson 1 • MO Diagrams for Diatomic Molecules

Constructs MO diagrams for homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomics. Applies electron filling to determine bond order and magnetic character.

Lesson 2 • Delocalisation and Resonance in MO Terms

Explains delocalised pi systems using MO theory for polyatomic molecules. Connects resonance structures to electron delocalisation across multiple atoms.

Lesson 3 • Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory

Contrasts MO theory with valence bond theory and explains orbital combination rules. Establishes bonding and antibonding MO concepts from atomic orbital overlap.

Lesson 1 • Solid-State Structures

Classifies solids as ionic, molecular, covalent network, or metallic. Relates crystal structure type to melting point, hardness, and conductivity.

Lesson 2 • Phase Changes and Phase Diagrams

Describes energy changes during melting, boiling, sublimation, and deposition. Interprets phase diagrams to identify triple points and critical points.

Lesson 3 • Properties of Liquids

Connects intermolecular force strength to surface tension, viscosity, and capillary action. Explains why water exhibits anomalous liquid properties.

Lesson 1 • Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

Introduces reaction notation and systematic balancing by inspection and half-reaction methods. Ensures conservation of mass and charge in all equations.

Lesson 2 • Mole-to-Mole and Mass Calculations

Applies stoichiometric ratios from balanced equations to convert between moles and masses. Builds the core quantitative skill for all reaction calculations.

Lesson 3 • Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield

Identifies the limiting reagent and calculates theoretical and percent yields. Connects yield analysis to efficiency in practical chemical processes.