Paramedical Radiology Course

Lesson 1 • Radiation Interaction with Matter

Details photoelectric effect, Compton scatter, and pair production in tissue. Explains how tissue composition determines differential attenuation and image contrast.

Lesson 2 • X-Ray Production and Beam Properties

Explains how X-rays are generated in the tube and how beam quality is controlled. Links tube parameters to clinical image contrast and patient dose.

Lesson 3 • Radiation Biology and Tissue Effects

Examines deterministic and stochastic effects of ionising radiation on cells and organs. Grounds radiation protection decisions in biological risk evidence.

Lesson 4 • Radiation Units and Measurement

Defines absorbed dose, effective dose, and exposure units used in clinical practice. Enables accurate dose recording and comparison across imaging procedures.

Lesson 1 • Principles of Radiation Protection

Introduces justification, optimisation, and dose limitation as the three pillars of protection. Connects biological risk data from Chapter 1 to practical safety decisions.

Lesson 2 • Patient Dose Optimisation Techniques

Applies collimation, positioning, and exposure factor selection to reduce patient dose. Balances diagnostic image quality against radiation risk for each examination.

Lesson 3 • Occupational Dosimetry and Monitoring

Explains TLD, OSL, and film badge dosimeters and their placement protocols. Students interpret dose reports and identify overexposure trends.

Lesson 4 • Personal Protective Equipment

Describes lead aprons, thyroid shields, gonad shields, and eye protection standards. Ensures correct selection and use of PPE for each imaging procedure.

Lesson 1 • Digital Radiography Detectors

Explains computed radiography (CR) and direct/indirect digital radiography (DR) detector technologies. Students select appropriate detector systems for clinical applications.

Lesson 2 • X-Ray Generator Systems

Compares single-phase, three-phase, and high-frequency generator designs and their output. Explains how generator type affects exposure consistency and image quality.

Lesson 3 • Analog Image Receptors

Covers screen-film systems, intensifying screens, and cassette construction. Provides historical context and baseline for understanding digital receptor advantages.

Lesson 4 • Image Processing and Display

Covers histogram analysis, window/level adjustment, and post-processing algorithms. Connects detector output to diagnostic-quality image presentation on workstations.

Lesson 1 • Skeletal Radiography of the Extremities

Addresses standard projections for upper and lower limb bones and joints. Builds systematic approach to trauma and orthopaedic imaging of the appendicular skeleton.

Lesson 2 • Positioning Terminology and Body Planes

Defines anatomical planes, directional terms, and standard radiographic positions. Creates a shared language for precise positioning instructions throughout the course.

Lesson 3 • Abdomen and Skull Radiography

Covers supine, erect, and decubitus abdominal projections and standard skull series. Connects positioning choices to clinical indications such as obstruction and trauma.

Lesson 4 • Spine and Pelvis Radiography

Details AP, lateral, and oblique projections for cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Includes pelvic inlet and outlet views for trauma and orthopaedic assessment.

Lesson 1 • Genitourinary and Biliary Studies

Addresses intravenous urography, cystography, and T-tube cholangiography procedures. Develops competency in contrast injection, timing, and image acquisition sequences.

Lesson 2 • Gastrointestinal Contrast Studies

Covers barium swallow, upper GI series, small bowel follow-through, and barium enema. Links fluoroscopic technique to GI pathology identification.

Lesson 3 • Fluoroscopic System Components

Describes image intensifier, flat-panel fluoroscopy, and pulsed fluoroscopy technology. Explains how system design affects real-time image quality and patient dose.

Lesson 4 • Contrast Reactions and Emergency Response

Classifies mild, moderate, and severe contrast reactions and their clinical presentations. Students apply emergency protocols including epinephrine administration and resuscitation.

Lesson 1 • CT Scan Parameters and Protocols

Covers pitch, slice thickness, FOV, and window settings for protocol optimisation. Enables students to design and modify protocols balancing image quality and dose.

Lesson 2 • CT of the Head, Chest, and Abdomen

Applies protocol knowledge to standard head, chest, and abdominal CT examinations. Students identify normal anatomy and recognise common pathological findings.

Lesson 3 • CT Image Reconstruction

Explains filtered back projection, iterative reconstruction, and AI-based algorithms. Students select reconstruction kernels appropriate for soft tissue, bone, and lung imaging.

Lesson 4 • CT Scanner Generations and Design

Traces scanner evolution from first to fifth generation and explains multi-detector CT geometry. Connects hardware design to scan speed, coverage, and spatial resolution.

Lesson 1 • MRI System Components

Describes main magnet, gradient coils, RF coils, and shim systems and their functions. Connects hardware knowledge to image quality parameters and artefact sources.

Lesson 2 • MRI Safety and Screening

Addresses ferromagnetic hazards, implant compatibility, and zone-based access control. Students conduct patient and staff screening to prevent MRI-related injuries.

Lesson 3 • Pulse Sequences and Tissue Contrast

Covers T1, T2, PD, FLAIR, and gradient echo sequences and their tissue contrast mechanisms. Students select sequences to optimise contrast for specific clinical questions.

Lesson 4 • MRI Physics and Signal Generation

Explains proton precession, Larmor frequency, and net magnetisation in a static field. Provides the physical foundation for understanding pulse sequences and tissue contrast.

Lesson 1 • Ultrasound Physics and Transducers

Explains piezoelectric effect, acoustic impedance, and transducer frequency selection. Connects physical principles to image resolution, penetration, and artefact formation.

Lesson 2 • Abdominal and Obstetric Ultrasound

Addresses scanning technique for liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and first-trimester obstetrics. Develops systematic scanning protocols and normal measurement references.

Lesson 3 • Ultrasound Scanning Modes and Artifacts

Covers B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler imaging modes and their clinical applications. Students recognise and correct common artefacts including shadowing and reverberation.

Lesson 4 • Nuclear Medicine Principles

Explains radiopharmaceutical production, biodistribution, and gamma camera detection. Provides conceptual framework for interpreting functional imaging studies.