Temperature, Pressure, and Heat Course

Lesson 1 • Nature of Heat and Temperature

Differentiates heat as energy transfer from temperature as a scalar property. Anchors all subsequent thermal analysis in correct conceptual framing.

Lesson 2 • States of Matter and Phase Behavior

Examines solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states and how thermal energy drives phase transitions. Prepares students to interpret phase diagrams introduced later.

Lesson 3 • Temperature Scales and Conversions

Covers Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales and their interconversion formulas. Builds numerical fluency required for all quantitative work ahead.

Lesson 4 • Units, Dimensions, and Measurement

Establishes SI and imperial unit systems for thermal quantities and introduces measurement uncertainty. Ensures dimensional consistency in all calculations.

Lesson 1 • Third Law and Absolute Zero

States that entropy approaches a minimum as temperature approaches absolute zero. Clarifies why absolute zero is unattainable in practice.

Lesson 2 • Zeroth Law and Thermal Equilibrium

Explains thermal equilibrium and the transitive property that defines temperature measurement. Establishes the logical basis for all thermometers.

Lesson 3 • Thermodynamic Processes and Cycles

Classifies isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric processes and maps them onto P-V diagrams. Prepares students for cycle analysis in later chapters.

Lesson 4 • First Law: Energy Conservation

Presents internal energy, work, and heat as components of the energy balance equation. Students calculate energy changes in closed and open systems.

Lesson 1 • Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Explains radiative heat transfer using emissivity, absorptivity, and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Addresses radiation in high-temperature industrial contexts.

Lesson 2 • Conduction: Fourier's Law

Derives Fourier's law and applies it to flat walls, cylinders, and composite materials. Introduces thermal conductivity as a material property.

Lesson 3 • Convection: Newton's Law of Cooling

Introduces convective heat transfer coefficients and Newton's law of cooling for forced and natural convection. Links fluid motion to heat removal rates.

Lesson 4 • Thermal Resistance and Insulation

Models heat flow through layered materials using thermal resistance networks. Enables students to design and evaluate insulation systems.

Lesson 1 • Forces on Submerged Surfaces

Calculates resultant hydrostatic forces and centre-of-pressure locations on flat and curved surfaces. Supports structural analysis of tanks and gates.

Lesson 2 • Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution

Derives the hydrostatic equation and applies it to pressure variation with depth. Establishes the pressure-depth relationship used in vessel design.

Lesson 3 • Manometry and Pressure Measurement

Covers U-tube, inclined, and differential manometers for measuring gauge and differential pressures. Connects measurement devices to process monitoring.

Lesson 4 • Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle

Applies Archimedes' principle to floating and submerged bodies and stability analysis. Relevant to equipment flotation and liquid-level sensing.

Lesson 1 • Specific Heats and Enthalpy

Defines constant-pressure and constant-volume specific heats and their ratio gamma. Enables enthalpy and internal energy calculations for gases.

Lesson 2 • Steam Tables and Property Lookup

Guides students through saturated and superheated steam tables to extract thermodynamic properties. Directly supports boiler and turbine analysis.

Lesson 3 • Real Gas Behaviour and Equations of State

Introduces compressibility factor Z and van der Waals and Peng-Robinson equations. Quantifies deviations from ideal behaviour at high pressure or low temperature.

Lesson 4 • Phase Diagrams and Critical Points

Interprets P-T and P-v diagrams including triple points and critical points. Enables prediction of phase state under any given conditions.

Lesson 1 • Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles

Applies vapour-compression cycle analysis to refrigeration and heat pump configurations. Students calculate COP and identify performance improvement opportunities.

Lesson 2 • Combustion and Furnace Systems

Covers stoichiometric combustion, excess air, and furnace heat release calculations. Connects fuel chemistry to thermal output in industrial heating.

Lesson 3 • Boilers and Steam Generation

Examines fire-tube and water-tube boiler designs and their energy balance equations. Connects steam generation to industrial heating and power applications.

Lesson 4 • Heat Exchangers: Design and Analysis

Covers shell-and-tube, plate, and double-pipe exchangers using LMTD and NTU methods. Students size exchangers for specified thermal duties.

Lesson 1 • Thermal Stress and Expansion Management

Quantifies thermal expansion in piping and vessels and introduces expansion loops and joints. Prevents structural failure from constrained thermal growth.

Lesson 2 • Pressure Relief and Overpressure Protection

Covers relief valve, rupture disk, and safety valve sizing for overpressure scenarios. Ensures students can specify protection devices for process systems.

Lesson 3 • Pressure Vessel Design Principles

Introduces hoop stress, longitudinal stress, and wall thickness calculations for cylindrical vessels. Provides the structural basis for safe vessel design.

Lesson 4 • Piping Pressure Drop and Flow

Applies Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations to calculate pressure drop in piping networks. Links hydraulic design to system pressure management.

Lesson 1 • Dynamic Pressure Transients

Models water hammer, pressure surge, and relief system dynamics in piping networks. Prepares students to prevent and mitigate transient pressure damage.

Lesson 2 • Two-Phase Flow and Boiling

Analyses flow regimes, void fraction, and heat transfer in two-phase systems. Critical for steam generation, refrigeration, and chemical process equipment.

Lesson 3 • Transient Heat Conduction

Applies lumped capacitance and Heisler chart methods to time-dependent conduction problems. Addresses startup, shutdown, and thermal shock scenarios.

Lesson 4 • System Energy Optimisation

Applies pinch analysis and exergy methods to identify and reduce energy losses in thermal systems. Drives efficiency improvements in industrial operations.