Eye and Vision Course

Lesson 1 • External Eye Structures

Covers eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal system, and orbital anatomy. Establishes the protective framework surrounding the globe.

Lesson 2 • Anterior Segment Anatomy

Examines cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, and lens. Provides structural context for understanding anterior segment diseases.

Lesson 3 • Posterior Segment Anatomy

Details vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve head. Builds the anatomical basis for posterior segment pathology recognition.

Lesson 1 • Colour Vision and Contrast Sensitivity

Examines trichromatic theory, opponent channels, and spatial frequency processing. Establishes the basis for colour vision deficiency testing.

Lesson 2 • Retinal Physiology and Phototransduction

Covers photoreceptor function, the visual cycle, and signal transmission to the brain. Links retinal physiology to visual acuity and colour vision.

Lesson 3 • The Eye as an Optical System

Analyses corneal and lenticular power, nodal points, and the reduced eye model. Connects optical theory to clinical refraction.

Lesson 4 • Principles of Geometric Optics

Introduces refraction, reflection, and lens power concepts. Provides the optical foundation required for understanding refractive errors.

Lesson 1 • Objective Refraction Techniques

Covers retinoscopy and autorefraction procedures. Provides objective starting points that improve subjective refraction efficiency.

Lesson 2 • Measuring Visual Acuity

Teaches distance and near acuity measurement using standardised charts. Establishes baseline assessment skills for all subsequent clinical work.

Lesson 3 • Refractive Errors and Classification

Defines myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia with optical explanations. Prepares students to recognise and quantify each error type.

Lesson 4 • Subjective Refraction Procedure

Guides students through monocular and binocular balancing steps. Builds the core clinical skill of achieving optimal corrected acuity.

Lesson 1 • Gonioscopy and Anterior Angle Evaluation

Introduces contact lens gonioscopy for angle structure visualisation. Critical for classifying glaucoma type and planning treatment.

Lesson 2 • Slit-Lamp Biomicroscopy

Teaches illumination techniques and magnification settings for anterior segment evaluation. Forms the cornerstone of clinical ocular examination.

Lesson 3 • Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy

Develops skills for fundus examination using direct and binocular indirect methods. Enables detection of posterior segment pathology.

Lesson 4 • Supplementary Diagnostic Procedures

Covers Amsler grid, colour vision tests, and pupil evaluation. Rounds out the clinical examination with functional and neurological assessments.

Lesson 1 • Corneal Diseases and Infections

Covers bacterial, viral, and fungal keratitis plus corneal dystrophies. Builds diagnostic and management skills for sight-threatening corneal conditions.

Lesson 2 • Conjunctival and Eyelid Disorders

Examines allergic, infectious, and cicatricial conjunctivitis plus blepharitis. Connects surface disease to dry eye and contact lens complications.

Lesson 3 • Lens Disorders and Cataract

Classifies nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts by aetiology and grading. Links cataract type to visual symptoms and surgical timing.

Lesson 4 • Dry Eye Disease

Defines aqueous-deficient and evaporative dry eye with diagnostic criteria. Prepares students to stage severity and implement evidence-based management.

Lesson 1 • Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Covers drusen classification, geographic atrophy, and neovascular AMD. Prepares students to stage AMD and coordinate anti-VEGF treatment referrals.

Lesson 2 • Diabetic Retinopathy

Classifies non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular oedema. Connects systemic diabetes control to retinal disease progression.

Lesson 3 • Retinal Vascular Occlusions

Examines central and branch retinal artery and vein occlusions. Emphasises urgent recognition and systemic workup to prevent recurrence.

Lesson 4 • Hereditary Retinal Dystrophies

Introduces retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease, and cone dystrophies. Builds awareness of genetic testing and low vision rehabilitation needs.

Lesson 1 • Glaucoma Classification and Risk Factors

Defines primary open-angle, angle-closure, and secondary glaucomas with risk stratification. Establishes the diagnostic framework for all subsequent glaucoma topics.

Lesson 2 • Optic Nerve and RNFL Assessment

Covers disc photography, OCT RNFL analysis, and structural progression detection. Links structural loss to functional visual field defects.

Lesson 3 • Medical and Laser Glaucoma Treatment

Reviews IOP-lowering drug classes, mechanisms, and laser trabeculoplasty. Prepares students to initiate and adjust glaucoma treatment plans.

Lesson 4 • Surgical Options and Follow-Up

Introduces trabeculectomy, tube shunts, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery. Establishes post-operative monitoring and long-term follow-up protocols.

Lesson 1 • Optic Neuropathies

Covers ischaemic, compressive, toxic, and hereditary optic neuropathies. Differentiates aetiologies to guide urgent versus elective management.

Lesson 2 • Visual Pathway Disorders

Maps lesions from optic nerve to occipital cortex using visual field defect patterns. Enables accurate localisation of neuro-ophthalmic pathology.

Lesson 3 • Ocular Emergencies and Trauma

Covers chemical burns, acute angle closure, endophthalmitis, and open globe injuries. Trains students to triage and initiate immediate management.

Lesson 4 • Pupil Abnormalities and Cranial Nerve Palsies

Examines Horner syndrome, third nerve palsy, and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Connects pupil and motility findings to life-threatening intracranial causes.