Atmospheric Science Course

Lesson 1 • Thermodynamic Properties of Air

Covers temperature, pressure, density, and their interrelationships in dry and moist air. Provides the physical basis for understanding atmospheric stability and motion.

Lesson 2 • Solar Radiation and Energy Balance

Explains how solar energy enters, is absorbed, and is redistributed within the Earth-atmosphere system. Links radiation principles to surface heating and atmospheric circulation drivers.

Lesson 3 • Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere

Examines the chemical makeup and vertical layering of the atmosphere. Establishes baseline knowledge essential for all subsequent atmospheric analysis.

Lesson 1 • Geostrophic and Gradient Wind Balance

Explains idealised wind balances that approximate upper-level flow. Connects theoretical balances to real synoptic-scale wind observations.

Lesson 2 • Forces Acting on Air Parcels

Identifies pressure gradient, Coriolis, gravitational, and frictional forces. Establishes the force framework used throughout all dynamic analysis in the course.

Lesson 3 • General Circulation of the Atmosphere

Describes the three-cell circulation model, trade winds, and mid-latitude westerlies. Links global circulation to regional climate patterns introduced in later chapters.

Lesson 1 • Droplet Growth and Ice Processes

Explains collision-coalescence and the Bergeron-Findeisen process for droplet and ice crystal growth. Connects microphysics to precipitation efficiency and type.

Lesson 2 • Cloud Classification and Identification

Presents the international cloud classification system by altitude and form. Trains students to identify cloud types from visual and satellite imagery.

Lesson 3 • Precipitation Types and Distribution

Analyses rain, snow, sleet, freezing rain, and hail formation conditions. Links precipitation type to temperature profiles and synoptic patterns.

Lesson 1 • Frontal Systems and Weather Patterns

Examines cold, warm, occluded, and stationary fronts and their associated weather. Connects frontal structure to the dynamic concepts introduced in Chapter 2.

Lesson 2 • Anticyclones and Blocking Patterns

Describes anticyclone types, subsidence, and their role in persistent weather regimes. Introduces blocking as a cause of prolonged heat waves and cold spells.

Lesson 3 • Mid-Latitude Cyclone Life Cycle

Traces cyclone development from wave formation through occlusion using the Norwegian cyclone model. Applies vorticity and divergence concepts to explain intensification.

Lesson 1 • Thunderstorm Types and Life Cycles

Classifies ordinary cell, multicell, and supercell thunderstorms by structure and dynamics. Connects wind shear and instability to storm organisation and severity.

Lesson 2 • Tornadoes and Severe Local Storms

Analyses tornado formation, intensity scales, and detection methods. Builds on supercell dynamics to explain the most intense convective hazards.

Lesson 3 • Local and Thermally Driven Circulations

Covers sea breezes, mountain-valley winds, and urban heat island effects. Demonstrates how surface heterogeneity drives mesoscale circulations independent of synoptic forcing.

Lesson 4 • Mesoscale Convective Systems

Examines squall lines, mesoscale convective complexes, and bow echoes. Links mesoscale organization to large-scale forcing and precipitation distribution.

Lesson 1 • Satellite Meteorology

Examines geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite platforms, channels, and derived products. Links satellite imagery to cloud analysis and synoptic pattern recognition.

Lesson 2 • Upper-Air Sounding Systems

Explains radiosonde, dropsonde, and wind profiler technologies for upper-atmosphere sampling. Connects sounding data to thermodynamic diagrams used in stability analysis.

Lesson 3 • Surface Observation Networks

Describes standard surface station instruments, observation codes, and quality control. Establishes the observational foundation for all analysis and forecasting tasks.

Lesson 1 • Model Grids, Resolution, and Parameterisation

Explains horizontal and vertical grid structures, resolution trade-offs, and physical parameterization schemes. Connects model design choices to forecast accuracy and computational cost.

Lesson 2 • Data Assimilation Techniques

Covers optimal interpolation, 3D-Var, 4D-Var, and ensemble Kalman filter methods. Explains how observations are blended with model backgrounds to create analysis fields.

Lesson 3 • Model Evaluation and Bias Correction

Presents verification metrics, systematic bias identification, and post-processing techniques. Enables students to critically assess model performance for operational use.

Lesson 4 • Governing Equations of the Atmosphere

Presents the primitive equations of motion, thermodynamics, and continuity used in NWP. Bridges dynamic theory from Chapter 2 to computational model formulation.

Lesson 1 • Climate Projections and Scenarios

Explains emissions scenarios, climate model projections, and uncertainty ranges. Prepares students to interpret and communicate future climate information for decision support.

Lesson 2 • Anthropogenic Climate Change

Analyzes observed temperature trends, attribution studies, and radiative forcing from greenhouse gases. Connects physical mechanisms to documented impacts on weather extremes.

Lesson 3 • Climate System Components

Describes interactions among the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, land surface, and biosphere. Establishes the coupled system perspective needed for climate analysis.

Lesson 4 • Paleoclimate and Long-Term Change

Reviews proxy records, Milankovitch cycles, and past climate states to contextualize current change. Provides historical perspective for evaluating modern climate trends.