Biomedical instrumentation Course

Lesson 1 • Units, Standards, and Calibration Basics

Introduces SI units, measurement standards, and traceability concepts. Provides the metrology foundation required for accurate instrument evaluation.

Lesson 2 • Safety Principles in Medical Devices

Presents electrical safety classifications, leakage current limits, and patient protection requirements. Grounds students in safety constraints that govern all device design.

Lesson 3 • Physiological Origins of Biomedical Signals

Covers electrical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal signals produced by the body. Links signal origin to instrument design requirements.

Lesson 1 • Noise Sources and Interference Mitigation

Identifies thermal, shot, and electromagnetic noise sources affecting biosignal quality. Students apply shielding and grounding techniques to reduce interference.

Lesson 2 • Operational Amplifier Circuits

Covers ideal and real op-amp characteristics and standard configurations used in biosignal conditioning. Directly supports amplifier design in later chapters.

Lesson 3 • DC and AC Circuit Analysis Review

Reviews Kirchhoff's laws, impedance, and phasor analysis for biomedical circuit contexts. Prepares students to analyze sensor loading and signal coupling.

Lesson 4 • Filters and Frequency Selective Circuits

Teaches passive and active filter design for noise rejection in biosignal pathways. Students select appropriate filter topologies for specific signal bands.

Lesson 1 • Electrodes for Bioelectric Measurements

Covers electrode-electrolyte interface physics, electrode types, and half-cell potentials. Directly enables understanding of ECG, EEG, and EMG acquisition systems.

Lesson 2 • Pressure and Force Sensors

Presents resistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric pressure transducers used in cardiovascular and respiratory monitoring. Students match sensor type to clinical measurement requirements.

Lesson 3 • Sensor Fundamentals and Classification

Defines transduction principles and classifies sensors by measurand type and output form. Establishes evaluation criteria applied throughout the chapter.

Lesson 4 • Temperature and Thermal Sensors

Covers thermistors, thermocouples, RTDs, and infrared sensors for body temperature measurement. Students evaluate accuracy and response time trade-offs.

Lesson 1 • Instrumentation Amplifier Design

Covers the three-op-amp instrumentation amplifier topology and its advantages for differential biosignal acquisition. Students calculate gain and CMRR for biopotential front ends.

Lesson 2 • Data Acquisition System Architecture

Covers multiplexed and simultaneous sampling DAQ architectures, sample-and-hold circuits, and digital interfaces. Students configure multi-channel biomedical DAQ systems.

Lesson 3 • Analog-to-Digital Conversion Principles

Explains sampling theory, quantization, and ADC architectures relevant to biomedical systems. Students select ADC resolution and sampling rate for specific biosignals.

Lesson 4 • Digital-to-Analog Conversion and Stimulus Generation

Introduces DAC architectures and their use in generating electrical stimuli and calibration signals. Connects output generation to closed-loop biomedical device operation.

Lesson 1 • Electrocardiograph System Design

Covers lead configurations, ECG amplifier specifications, and bandwidth requirements for diagnostic and monitoring ECGs. Students design a compliant ECG front-end circuit.

Lesson 2 • Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement

Presents catheter-transducer systems, fluid-filled line dynamics, and zeroing procedures for arterial and venous pressure monitoring. Students evaluate dynamic response adequacy.

Lesson 3 • Cardiac Output and Flow Measurement

Introduces thermodilution, Doppler ultrasound, and impedance cardiography for cardiac output assessment. Students evaluate clinical trade-offs among measurement techniques.

Lesson 4 • Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Methods

Covers oscillometric and auscultatory NIBP techniques, cuff design, and automated measurement algorithms. Students compare accuracy limitations of each method.

Lesson 1 • Intracranial Pressure and Neuromonitoring

Covers ICP transducer types, waveform analysis, and multimodal neuromonitoring integration. Students evaluate sensor placement and drift management strategies.

Lesson 2 • Capnography and Gas Analysis

Presents infrared CO2 sensing, mainstream vs. sidestream capnograph designs, and waveform interpretation. Students evaluate sensor placement effects on measurement accuracy.

Lesson 3 • Electroencephalography System Design

Covers 10-20 electrode placement, EEG amplifier requirements, and artifact rejection strategies. Students configure a multi-channel EEG acquisition system.

Lesson 4 • Electromyography and Nerve Conduction

Introduces surface and needle EMG acquisition, motor unit action potential analysis, and nerve conduction velocity measurement. Students interpret EMG signal characteristics.

Lesson 1 • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Instrumentation

Introduces MRI magnet systems, gradient coils, RF coils, and pulse sequence fundamentals. Students identify hardware components responsible for image contrast and resolution.

Lesson 2 • Ultrasound Imaging Systems

Covers piezoelectric transducer arrays, beam forming, pulse-echo imaging, and Doppler modes. Students select transducer frequency for depth-resolution trade-offs.

Lesson 3 • Nuclear Medicine and Optical Imaging

Covers gamma camera, PET detector, and optical coherence tomography instrumentation. Students compare sensitivity and resolution characteristics across modalities.

Lesson 4 • X-Ray and Fluoroscopy Systems

Covers X-ray tube operation, detector technologies, and image quality metrics for radiography and fluoroscopy. Students evaluate dose-image quality trade-offs.

Lesson 1 • Closed-Loop Control in Biomedical Devices

Covers PID control, model-based control, and safety supervisory layers for automated therapeutic systems. Students design a closed-loop glucose-insulin control algorithm.

Lesson 2 • Infusion Pumps and Drug Delivery Systems

Presents syringe, peristaltic, and implantable pump mechanisms, occlusion detection, and flow accuracy requirements. Students evaluate safety interlocks for drug delivery devices.

Lesson 3 • Cardiac Pacemaker and Defibrillator Design

Covers pacemaker pulse generation, sensing circuits, defibrillator energy delivery, and lead systems. Students evaluate timing and energy parameters for safe stimulation.

Lesson 4 • Neurostimulation and Functional Electrical Stimulation

Introduces deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, and FES device design and charge-balanced waveform requirements. Students calculate safe charge density limits.