Nephrology Course

Lesson 1 • Renal Hormonal and Endocrine Functions

Examines renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, erythropoietin, and vitamin D synthesis. Links endocrine roles to systemic complications of kidney disease.

Lesson 2 • Gross and Microscopic Kidney Structure

Covers macroscopic kidney anatomy and nephron microanatomy as the structural basis for function. Establishes the anatomical framework referenced throughout the chapter.

Lesson 3 • Glomerular Filtration Mechanisms

Explains the filtration barrier, Starling forces, and determinants of GFR. Connects glomerular structure to measurable filtration parameters.

Lesson 4 • Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Details solute and water handling along each tubular segment. Provides the physiological basis for understanding electrolyte disorders.

Lesson 1 • Kidney Biopsy: Indications and Interpretation

Explains procedural technique, contraindications, and histopathological reporting of renal biopsy. Integrates biopsy findings with clinical and laboratory data.

Lesson 2 • Kidney Function Biomarkers

Covers serum creatinine, cystatin C, BUN, and novel biomarkers for GFR estimation. Addresses limitations of each marker in clinical contexts.

Lesson 3 • History and Physical Examination in Nephrology

Identifies key symptoms, risk factors, and physical signs of kidney disease. Establishes systematic clinical assessment as the first diagnostic step.

Lesson 4 • Renal Imaging Modalities

Compares ultrasound, CT, MRI, and nuclear imaging for kidney evaluation. Guides selection of the appropriate modality for each clinical scenario.

Lesson 1 • Sodium and Water Disorders

Covers hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Emphasises safe correction rates to prevent osmotic complications.

Lesson 2 • Potassium Disorders

Addresses hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia aetiology, ECG changes, and urgent management. Connects potassium handling to tubular physiology from Chapter 1.

Lesson 3 • Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Disorders

Examines mineral metabolism disorders common in kidney disease and their systemic effects. Prepares students for managing mineral bone disease in later chapters.

Lesson 4 • Metabolic Acidosis

Teaches anion gap and non-anion gap acidosis differentiation using systematic stepwise analysis. Directly applies renal acid-base physiology to clinical diagnosis.

Lesson 1 • Prerenal, Intrinsic, and Postrenal AKI

Differentiates the three AKI categories using clinical, laboratory, and imaging criteria. Guides targeted management based on the underlying mechanism.

Lesson 2 • AKI Complications and Supportive Care

Addresses fluid overload, uraemia, hyperkalaemia, and acidosis management in AKI. Integrates electrolyte knowledge from Chapter 3 into acute care protocols.

Lesson 3 • Acute Tubular Necrosis

Covers ischaemic and nephrotoxic ATN mechanisms, clinical course, and supportive management. Represents the most common intrinsic AKI aetiology in hospitalised patients.

Lesson 4 • AKI Definition, Staging, and Epidemiology

Introduces consensus AKI criteria, staging systems, and population-level incidence data. Establishes the clinical and public health significance of AKI.

Lesson 1 • CKD Progression and Risk Factors

Examines modifiable and non-modifiable factors that accelerate GFR decline. Guides risk stratification and targeted intervention planning.

Lesson 2 • CKD Definition and Classification

Presents the GFR- and albuminuria-based CKD classification system and its clinical utility. Establishes the diagnostic framework used throughout the chapter.

Lesson 3 • CKD Complications: Overview and Screening

Surveys anaemia, mineral bone disease, metabolic acidosis, and cardiovascular risk in CKD. Establishes a systematic screening approach applied in subsequent chapters.

Lesson 4 • Aetiology and Epidemiology of CKD

Identifies leading CKD causes globally, including diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Contextualises disease burden for population-level and individual care.

Lesson 1 • Nephrotic Syndrome: Complications and Management

Addresses oedema, thromboembolism, hyperlipidaemia, and infection risk in nephrotic syndrome. Connects pathophysiology to targeted complication prevention strategies.

Lesson 2 • Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes and Workup

Covers the four cardinal features of nephrotic syndrome and the differential diagnosis by age and biopsy. Guides systematic evaluation from presentation to histology.

Lesson 3 • Secondary Glomerular Diseases

Reviews lupus nephritis, amyloidosis, and other systemic disease-related glomerular involvement. Integrates systemic disease management with renal-specific treatment.

Lesson 4 • Glomerulonephritis: Pathophysiology and Classification

Explains immune-mediated glomerular injury mechanisms and the nephritic vs. nephrotic spectrum. Provides the conceptual framework for all glomerular disease sections.

Lesson 1 • Hypertension Pathophysiology in Kidney Disease

Explains volume-dependent and renin-mediated hypertension mechanisms in CKD. Links renal physiology from Chapter 1 to clinical blood pressure dysregulation.

Lesson 2 • Hypertensive Emergency and Kidney Injury

Addresses hypertensive emergency with acute end-organ damage, including hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Guides safe and rapid blood pressure reduction strategies.

Lesson 3 • Secondary Hypertension: Renal Causes

Identifies primary aldosteronism, phaeochromocytoma, and other secondary causes of hypertension. Provides a structured workup algorithm for resistant or early-onset hypertension.

Lesson 4 • Renovascular Hypertension and Renal Artery Stenosis

Covers atherosclerotic and fibromuscular dysplasia causes of renal artery stenosis and their management. Distinguishes cases benefiting from revascularisation from those managed medically.

Lesson 1 • Haemodialysis: Principles and Prescription

Explains dialysis adequacy, solute clearance, and ultrafiltration prescription in haemodialysis. Connects membrane physiology to clinical dose optimisation.

Lesson 2 • Conservative and Palliative Kidney Care

Presents non-dialytic management of ESKD and integration of palliative care principles. Addresses symptom burden, goals-of-care conversations, and withdrawal of dialysis.

Lesson 3 • Peritoneal Dialysis: Principles and Management

Covers peritoneal membrane transport, PD prescription, and adequacy assessment. Addresses PD-specific complications including peritonitis and membrane failure.

Lesson 4 • Kidney Transplantation: Evaluation and Immunosuppression

Reviews transplant candidacy evaluation, donor selection, and immunosuppressive regimens. Prepares students to co-manage transplant recipients in nephrology practice.