Urology Course

Lesson 1 • Male Reproductive Anatomy

Describes the prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, and epididymis with surgical relevance. Supports understanding of male infertility and oncologic procedures.

Lesson 2 • Neuroanatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract

Maps autonomic and somatic innervation controlling bladder storage and voiding. Underpins diagnosis and treatment of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Lesson 3 • Urethra and Pelvic Floor

Details male and female urethral anatomy and pelvic floor musculature supporting continence. Provides the structural basis for understanding voiding dysfunction.

Lesson 4 • Ureters and Urinary Bladder

Examines ureteral course, narrowings, and bladder wall layers relevant to obstruction and surgical access. Connects anatomy to common clinical presentations.

Lesson 1 • Pathophysiology of Obstruction

Analyses how urinary obstruction causes pressure-induced renal injury and bladder remodelling. Links obstructive pathophysiology to clinical urgency and surgical timing.

Lesson 2 • Bladder Storage and Voiding Physiology

Explains the urothelial sensory role, detrusor compliance, and coordinated sphincter activity during micturition. Provides the basis for interpreting urodynamic studies.

Lesson 3 • Male Reproductive Physiology

Covers spermatogenesis, hormonal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and erectile physiology. Supports evaluation of infertility and sexual dysfunction.

Lesson 4 • Renal Physiology Essentials

Reviews glomerular filtration, tubular function, and hormonal regulation of fluid balance. Connects renal physiology to interpretation of laboratory findings.

Lesson 1 • Urological Imaging Modalities

Compares ultrasound, CT urography, MRI, and plain radiography for urological indications. Teaches selection of the appropriate modality based on clinical scenario.

Lesson 2 • Urodynamic Studies

Explains cystometry, pressure-flow studies, and electromyography for evaluating voiding dysfunction. Provides skills to select, perform, and interpret urodynamic tests.

Lesson 3 • Urinalysis and Laboratory Tests

Interprets urinalysis, urine culture, serum creatinine, and tumour markers in urological contexts. Guides appropriate test selection and result interpretation.

Lesson 4 • Urological History and Physical Exam

Structures a systematic urological history and targeted physical examination technique. Establishes clinical reasoning skills applied throughout all subsequent diagnostic chapters.

Lesson 1 • Uncomplicated and Complicated UTIs

Distinguishes uncomplicated cystitis from complicated infections requiring escalated management. Guides antibiotic selection based on pathogen, host factors, and resistance patterns.

Lesson 2 • Epididymo-Orchitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections

Differentiates infectious epididymo-orchitis from torsion and guides pathogen-specific antibiotic regimens. Integrates STI screening and partner notification into management.

Lesson 3 • Prostatitis Syndromes

Classifies prostatitis using the NIH system and tailors treatment to acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, and chronic pelvic pain categories. Connects classification to treatment duration and modality.

Lesson 4 • Catheter-Associated and Healthcare UTIs

Addresses prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections in hospital settings. Emphasises catheter stewardship and infection control measures.

Lesson 1 • Medical Management and Expulsive Therapy

Applies analgesic protocols, alpha-blocker therapy, and hydration strategies for conservative stone passage. Defines criteria for escalation to procedural intervention.

Lesson 2 • Clinical Presentation and Imaging of Stones

Identifies classic and atypical presentations of renal colic and selects appropriate imaging for stone detection. Builds on diagnostic imaging skills introduced in Chapter 3.

Lesson 3 • Metabolic Evaluation and Stone Prevention

Performs 24-hour urine metabolic evaluation and prescribes dietary and pharmacological prevention strategies. Reduces recurrence risk through individualised stone-type-specific protocols.

Lesson 4 • Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Details PCNL access, tract dilation, nephroscopy, and stone clearance for large or complex stones. Manages intraoperative and postoperative complications specific to PCNL.

Lesson 5 • Shock Wave Lithotripsy

Explains SWL mechanism, patient selection, contraindications, and post-procedure care. Compares SWL outcomes with endoscopic alternatives for specific stone scenarios.

Lesson 1 • Bladder Cancer

Distinguishes non-muscle-invasive from muscle-invasive bladder cancer and applies TURBT, intravesical therapy, and cystectomy accordingly. Addresses surveillance protocols and urinary diversion options.

Lesson 2 • Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Evaluates UTUC with CT urography and ureteroscopic biopsy and selects nephroureterectomy or kidney-sparing approaches based on risk stratification. Integrates adjuvant therapy into management.

Lesson 3 • Renal Cell Carcinoma

Covers RCC subtypes, staging, nephron-sparing surgery, and systemic therapy for metastatic disease. Applies imaging and biopsy findings to surgical planning and surveillance.

Lesson 4 • Prostate Cancer

Applies PSA screening, biopsy, and risk stratification to guide active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, and radiation therapy decisions. Manages biochemical recurrence and castration-resistant disease.

Lesson 1 • Intraoperative Complications and Management

Identifies and manages vascular injury, bowel entry, ureteral injury, and pneumothorax during urological surgery. Develops systematic intraoperative decision-making and damage control skills.

Lesson 2 • Perioperative Assessment and Optimisation

Conducts preoperative risk stratification, anticoagulation management, and bowel preparation for urological surgery. Establishes safe surgical conditions and reduces perioperative morbidity.

Lesson 3 • Laparoscopic and Robotic Urology

Covers trocar placement, pneumoperitoneum, and robotic platform setup for nephrectomy, prostatectomy, and pyeloplasty. Addresses conversion criteria and ergonomic principles.

Lesson 4 • Endourology and Percutaneous Techniques

Integrates endoscopic and percutaneous skills from earlier chapters into a unified surgical framework for complex stone and upper tract procedures. Emphasises fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance.

Lesson 5 • Postoperative Care and Complications

Manages urinary leaks, haemorrhage, deep vein thrombosis, and ileus in the postoperative urological patient. Applies evidence-based protocols for early mobilisation and drain removal.

Lesson 1 • Stress Urinary Incontinence

Evaluates SUI with urodynamics and selects pelvic floor rehabilitation, mid-urethral slings, or colposuspension based on severity and patient factors. Addresses mesh-related complications.

Lesson 2 • Sacral and Tibial Neuromodulation

Describes sacral neuromodulation implantation and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for refractory OAB and non-obstructive urinary retention. Covers patient selection and device programming.

Lesson 3 • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Manages BPH-related lower urinary tract symptoms with alpha-blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, and surgical deobstruction techniques. Selects among TURP, laser enucleation, and minimally invasive options.

Lesson 4 • Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

Classifies neurogenic bladder by lesion level and applies clean intermittent catheterisation, anticholinergics, and augmentation cystoplasty. Prevents upper tract deterioration through surveillance.