Cell Course

Lesson 1 • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Contrasts structural and functional differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Builds classification skills essential for all subsequent chapters.

Lesson 2 • Cell Size, Shape, and Organisation

Explains how size and geometry affect cellular function and efficiency. Introduces surface-area-to-volume ratio as a core design constraint.

Lesson 3 • History and Scope of Cell Biology

Traces discovery of cells from early microscopy to modern molecular tools. Contextualises why cell biology underpins all life sciences.

Lesson 4 • Introduction to Cell Imaging Techniques

Introduces light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy as tools for visualising cells. Students gain practical literacy for interpreting micrographs used throughout the course.

Lesson 1 • Membrane Proteins and Lipid Rafts

Classifies integral and peripheral proteins and their functional roles. Introduces lipid rafts as specialised microdomains that organise signalling complexes.

Lesson 2 • Active Transport and Pumps

Explains primary and secondary active transport requiring ATP or electrochemical gradients. Demonstrates how cells maintain ion homeostasis against concentration gradients.

Lesson 3 • Vesicular Transport Pathways

Describes endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis as bulk transport mechanisms. Links vesicle formation to membrane dynamics and cargo delivery.

Lesson 4 • Passive Transport Mechanisms

Covers simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis driven by concentration gradients. Connects thermodynamic principles to real membrane permeability outcomes.

Lesson 1 • Mitochondria and Energy Production

Covers mitochondrial ultrastructure, oxidative phosphorylation, and the TCA cycle. Introduces mitochondrial dynamics and their role in apoptosis.

Lesson 2 • Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and Vacuoles

Explains degradative organelles and their roles in recycling, detoxification, and storage. Links lysosomal enzyme deficiencies to storage disorders.

Lesson 3 • Golgi Apparatus and Vesicle Trafficking

Details cis-to-trans Golgi processing, protein modification, and sorting signals. Shows how vesicle coat proteins direct cargo to correct destinations.

Lesson 4 • Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions

Distinguishes rough and smooth ER roles in protein synthesis, folding, and lipid metabolism. Connects ER stress responses to disease mechanisms.

Lesson 1 • Signal Integration and Crosstalk

Examines how cells integrate multiple simultaneous signals and how pathways interact. Introduces feedback loops and scaffold proteins as regulatory mechanisms.

Lesson 2 • Principles of Cell Signalling

Introduces signal types, receptor categories, and the concept of signal amplification. Frames signalling as a universal mechanism governing cell behaviour.

Lesson 3 • Nuclear Receptor and Gene Regulation

Covers lipid-soluble ligands that activate intracellular receptors acting as transcription factors. Links hormone signalling directly to gene expression changes.

Lesson 4 • G Protein-Coupled Receptor Pathways

Details GPCR activation, G protein cycling, and downstream second messengers. Connects cAMP and IP3/DAG pathways to physiological responses.

Lesson 1 • Post-Translational Modification and Folding

Surveys phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and chaperone-assisted folding. Shows how modifications determine protein activity, localisation, and stability.

Lesson 2 • Translation and the Ribosome

Explains ribosome assembly, codon-anticodon recognition, and the elongation cycle. Connects tRNA charging and peptide bond formation to protein output.

Lesson 3 • Gene Expression Regulation

Examines transcription factor binding, enhancers, silencers, and chromatin remodelling as regulatory layers. Introduces miRNA and siRNA as post-transcriptional controls.

Lesson 4 • Transcription and RNA Processing

Details RNA polymerase II initiation, elongation, and termination in eukaryotes. Covers 5' capping, splicing, and polyadenylation as essential mRNA maturation steps.

Lesson 1 • Actin Filaments and Dynamics

Covers actin polymerisation, treadmilling, and nucleation by Arp2/3 and formins. Links actin networks to lamellipodia, filopodia, and cell shape changes.

Lesson 2 • Cell Migration Mechanisms

Traces the cycle of protrusion, adhesion, contraction, and retraction driving directed migration. Introduces Rho GTPases as master regulators of cytoskeletal polarity.

Lesson 3 • Cilia, Flagella, and Intracellular Transport

Examines axoneme structure, intraflagellar transport, and ciliary signalling functions. Links primary cilia defects to developmental and sensory disorders.

Lesson 4 • Microtubule Organisation and Motors

Explains dynamic instability, MTOC function, and kinesin/dynein motor proteins. Connects microtubule tracks to organelle positioning and vesicle transport.

Lesson 1 • Cell Cycle Dysregulation and Cancer

Analyses how oncogene activation and tumour suppressor loss override normal cell cycle control. Provides mechanistic basis for understanding cancer therapeutics.

Lesson 2 • Meiosis and Genetic Diversity

Contrasts meiosis I and II with mitosis, emphasising crossing over and independent assortment. Links meiotic errors to chromosomal abnormalities.

Lesson 3 • Cell Cycle Phases and Regulation

Maps G1, S, G2, and M phases and the cyclin-CDK complexes that drive each transition. Establishes the molecular clock governing cell proliferation.

Lesson 4 • Mitosis: Stages and Mechanisms

Describes prophase through cytokinesis with emphasis on spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Explains how errors in mitosis produce aneuploidy.

Lesson 1 • Cellular Senescence and Aging

Defines replicative and stress-induced senescence, telomere shortening, and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Links senescent cell accumulation to tissue aging.

Lesson 2 • Apoptosis Pathways and Regulation

Details intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, caspase cascades, and Bcl-2 family regulation. Connects apoptosis failure to cancer and developmental defects.

Lesson 3 • Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defence

Covers reactive oxygen species sources, oxidative damage targets, and enzymatic antioxidant systems. Connects redox imbalance to aging, cancer, and metabolic disease.

Lesson 4 • Necrosis and Regulated Necrosis

Distinguishes accidental necrosis from programmed forms such as necroptosis and pyroptosis. Highlights inflammatory consequences of necrotic cell death.