Chemical Course

Lesson 1 • Chemical Nomenclature and Formulas

Teaches systematic naming of ionic and covalent compounds and formula writing. Correct nomenclature is required for reading and writing chemical equations.

Lesson 2 • Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table

Covers protons, neutrons, electrons, and periodic trends. Establishes the atomic model as the basis for all subsequent chemical reasoning.

Lesson 3 • Measurement and Significant Figures

Introduces SI units, precision, accuracy, and error analysis. Accurate measurement underpins every quantitative task in chemistry.

Lesson 1 • The Mole Concept

Defines Avogadro's number and molar mass as bridges between atomic and macroscopic scales. Mole calculations are the core tool for all quantitative chemistry.

Lesson 2 • Limiting Reagents and Percent Yield

Identifies the limiting reagent and calculates theoretical and percent yield. These skills are critical for evaluating process efficiency in industrial chemistry.

Lesson 3 • Balancing Chemical Equations

Applies conservation of mass to write and balance equations by inspection and algebraic methods. Balanced equations are prerequisites for stoichiometric calculations.

Lesson 1 • Molecular Geometry and VSEPR Theory

Applies VSEPR theory to predict three-dimensional molecular shapes. Geometry directly influences polarity, reactivity, and intermolecular interactions.

Lesson 2 • Intermolecular Forces

Identifies London dispersion, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding forces. These forces explain boiling points, viscosity, and solubility trends.

Lesson 3 • Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals

Introduces sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization and basic molecular orbital theory. Hybridization explains geometry and bonding in organic and inorganic molecules.

Lesson 4 • Lewis Structures and Resonance

Draws Lewis dot structures and identifies resonance forms for polyatomic species. Accurate Lewis structures are the foundation for geometry prediction.

Lesson 1 • Entropy, Gibbs Free Energy, and Spontaneity

Defines entropy and combines it with enthalpy to evaluate spontaneity via Gibbs free energy. These criteria determine whether a reaction proceeds under given conditions.

Lesson 2 • Thermochemistry and Enthalpy

Measures heat flow using calorimetry and applies Hess's law to calculate enthalpy. Enthalpy data guide fuel selection and reaction design.

Lesson 3 • Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory

Applies Boyle's, Charles's, and ideal gas laws to predict gas behavior. Kinetic molecular theory explains pressure, temperature, and volume relationships.

Lesson 1 • Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis

Analyzes elementary steps, rate-determining steps, and catalytic pathways. Mechanism knowledge guides the design of faster, more selective reactions.

Lesson 2 • Rate Laws and Reaction Orders

Derives rate laws from experimental data and classifies reactions by order. Rate law knowledge enables prediction of concentration changes over time.

Lesson 3 • Activation Energy and the Arrhenius Equation

Relates activation energy to rate constants using the Arrhenius equation. This quantitative link allows temperature optimization in industrial processes.

Lesson 1 • Acids, Bases, and pH

Covers Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base definitions and pH calculations. Acid-base chemistry underlies biological, environmental, and industrial processes.

Lesson 2 • Solubility Equilibria and Precipitation

Uses the solubility product constant to predict precipitation and dissolution. Ksp calculations are applied in water treatment and analytical chemistry.

Lesson 3 • Buffers and Titrations

Explains buffer action using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and titration curves. These techniques are used in pharmaceutical, food, and environmental analysis.

Lesson 4 • Equilibrium Constants and ICE Tables

Defines Keq and uses ICE tables to calculate equilibrium concentrations. These tools are essential for predicting the extent of any reversible reaction.

Lesson 1 • Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells

Links cell potential to Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constants. This connection unifies thermodynamics and electrochemistry quantitatively.

Lesson 2 • Electrolytic Cells and Faraday's Laws

Analyzes electrolysis processes and applies Faraday's laws to calculate mass deposited. Electrolysis is central to metal refining, plating, and chlor-alkali production.

Lesson 3 • Galvanic Cells and Cell Potential

Describes galvanic cell components and calculates standard cell potential from reduction potentials. Cell potential predicts whether a redox reaction is spontaneous.

Lesson 1 • Organic Functional Groups and Reactions

Identifies major functional groups and their characteristic reactions. Functional group recognition is the foundation for predicting organic reactivity.

Lesson 2 • Stereochemistry and Isomerism

Distinguishes constitutional, geometric, and enantiomeric isomers and their properties. Stereochemistry is critical in pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications.

Lesson 3 • Spectroscopic Identification Techniques

Applies IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry to identify unknown compounds. Spectroscopic skills are essential for quality control and research characterization.

Lesson 4 • Quantitative Analytical Methods

Introduces gravimetric, volumetric, and instrumental analytical methods. These techniques are used to verify purity, concentration, and composition in industry.